Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a common oral health condition that affects the tissues surrounding your teeth. It starts with inflammation and can progress to serious infection and tooth loss if left untreated. In the U.S., nearly half of adults over 30 show signs of gum disease—but it’s often preventable and manageable with the right care.
What Causes Gum Disease?
The primary cause of gum disease is plaque—a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth. If not removed through brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into tartar, leading to irritation and inflammation of the gums.
Other contributing factors include:
- Smoking and tobacco use
- Poor oral hygiene
- Diabetes or immune disorders
- Hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy)
- Genetics
- Certain medications that reduce saliva
The Stages of Gum Disease
Gum disease develops in stages:
- Gingivitis (early stage)
- Red, swollen, or bleeding gums
- Usually reversible with good oral hygiene
- Early Periodontitis
- Gums begin pulling away from teeth
- Pockets form and trap bacteria
- Moderate to Advanced Periodontitis
- Bone and tissue loss around teeth
- Loose teeth or tooth loss
- Chronic bad breath and gum recession
For a full breakdown of symptoms and progression, see our guide to Gum Disease Stages.
Can Gum Disease Be Cured or Reversed?
In its earliest form (gingivitis), gum disease is often reversible with better oral hygiene. Once it progresses to periodontitis, it’s not curable—but it can be managed with treatment and consistent care.
Explore this further in:
Health Risks Beyond Your Mouth
Gum disease doesn’t just affect your smile. It’s been linked to:
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Diabetes complications
- Respiratory issues
- Pregnancy risks (like low birth weight)
Learn more about serious complications in Can Gum Disease Kill You?
Treatments for Gum Disease
The treatment depends on the severity:
For Gingivitis:
- Professional dental cleaning
- Improved brushing and flossing
For Periodontitis:
- Deep cleaning (scaling and root planing)
- Antibiotics or antimicrobial rinses
- Surgery in severe cases
For mild cases, see: How to Cure Gum Disease Without a Dentist
At-Home Products That Help
Using dentist-recommended products can support your treatment:
Look for ingredients like chlorhexidine, stannous fluoride, and essential oils.
Is Gum Disease Contagious?
Gum disease isn’t contagious like the flu, but the bacteria that cause it can be transferred through saliva. This means kissing or sharing utensils with someone who has gum disease could increase your risk.
More on this here: Is Gum Disease Contagious?
Prevention Tips That Actually Work
You can dramatically lower your risk of gum disease by:
- Brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
- Flossing daily
- Visiting your dentist for cleanings every 6 months
- Avoiding tobacco
- Eating a balanced, low-sugar diet
Early detection is key. If your gums bleed, swell, or feel tender—don’t ignore it.
Final Thoughts: Take Your Gum Health Seriously
Gum disease is more than just an oral health issue. It’s tied to your overall health and well-being. Understanding the stages, risks, and treatments gives you the tools to protect your smile and stay ahead of more serious problems.
Make prevention a habit, and act early when symptoms appear. Your mouth (and your body) will thank you.
